The Demerits of Domestication: Proper Names in Jerzy Łoziński's Translation of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings
PART IV:
ŁOZIŃSKI ― FOREIGNIZING THE FAMILIAR
The very fact that Łoziński's translation appeared on the Polish market was not an artistic choice, but rather, an economic one. Without going into details, it should nevertheless be stated that the translator himself admitted that Zysk i S-ka only decided to commission a new translation because of the inability to reach an agreement over Skibniewska's revised translation, which was to be published by Muza in hardcover and Zysk i S-ka in softcover in 1996 (13). Łoziński's new translation for Zysk i S-ka was rushed for time as to allow for competition with Muza, which resulted in many obvious, essential mistakes in the subject matter of the novel, but these remain outside the focus of this essay.
Łoziński's translation was not primarily criticised for its obvious mistakes, which could be corrected with ease in later editions, but rather for the deliberate choice of domestication as a translation strategy. Paradoxically, the result of Łoziński's domestication of LOTR only attempted to "foreignize" the novel, as readers of its previous translation felt they had been presented with an entirely different body of text. Yet some scholars believed that the translator's conscious choice of domestication is not an objective flaw which may or should be academically refuted, if not for the aforementioned arguments from the first part of this essay.
Nevertheless, if the aim of domestication is to provide familiar, target-culture-oriented renditions of proper names, then Łoziński only managed to provide somewhat peculiar solutions, which were no longer Anglo-Saxon in nature, nor were they always obviously Polish (or even Slavic, for that matter). Going against Tolkien's clear instructions, Łoziński domesticated the majority of place names in LOTR. The first class of those place names could be argued to be domestications proper:
- Bag End ― Bagoszno
- Buckland ― Jelenisko
- Hobbiton ― Hobbitów
Other choices, however, seem forced, where a simpler Polish form could be used instead:
- Doors of Durin ― Wierzeje Durina
- Front Gate ― Frontowa Brama
In other cases, the source name should have been left undomesticated, because the place names derive from either Quenya or Sindarin:
- Rivendell ― Tajar
- Lothlórien ― Lotaloria
In the case of the river Brandywine, its name was meant to be a popular derivation of its Elvish name Baranduin. Because its popular name jokingly refers to alcohol, Łoziński decided to translate Brandywine as Gorzawina (14) ― losing the derivation from the Elvish Baranduin in the process, against Tolkien's intentions of LOTR being a narrative with an overt, linguistic level.
Some other unfortunate translation choices are even unintentionally misleading. Łoziński translated Mathom-House (a museum in Hobbiton), as Maszomleum (Dom Mathom in Skibniewska's translation). It is to be assumed he intended the /-eum/ to refer to the Polish muzeum, but because of the word's syllable length it evokes the word mauzoleum instead. Another major mistranslation is Łoziński's rendition of Mount Doom. Skibniewska translated this place name as Góra Przeznaczenia, rightfully referring to the fact that on this very mountain the destiny of the novel's protagonist had been fulfilled. Łoziński mistranslated the place name as Przeklęta Góra ― though such a feature of the mountain is not mentioned in the novel (15).
Perhaps Łoziński's most controversial choice was to disregard the traditional krasnoludy/krasnoludowie used by Skibniewska (and popularized in Polish translations of numerous novels from the derivative fantasy genre) in favour of the form krzaty/krzatowie. Such a choice had peculiar outcomes, such as the translation of dwarven boots into krzatowe kalosze (buty na modłę krasnoludzką in Skibniewska's translation). It goes without saying that Tolkien's dwarves were an ancient, refined and respected race, which krzatowe kalosze just does not evoke.
Łoziński also domesticated most of LOTR's personal names. While it could be argued that such choices as Meriadoc Brandybuck ― Radostek Gorzaleń and Samwise Gamgee ― Samlis Gaduła are a matter of personal preference, others are obvious mistranslations. Perhaps the most controversial choice was Łoziński's translation of Strider (Aragorn's alias) into Łazik (Obieżyświat in Skibniewska's translation). Obieżyświat, while not a perfect choice (perhaps Wędrowiec or Włóczęga would suit the character better), at least obviously refers to a human being, while the Polish word łazik previously referred to three inanimate objects ― an automated lunar exploration module, a jeep and the Fiat 508 Łazik automobile ― all of which are vehicles.
CONCLUSION
While it could be argued that domestication is a strategy which goes against the intents and preferences of Tolkien himself, and is therefore an objectively flawed approach to translating LOTR, Łoziński has nonetheless deliberately chosen to domesticate LOTR and his translation should be judged not only on the basis of his initial choice of a translation strategy, but also on the basis of how well he executed his intentions within that strategy. Not only was his choice of domesticating LOTR an arguable one, his execution of domestication also leaves a great deal to be desired. It is perhaps fortunate that the publisher of his translation reintroduced most proper names as previously translated by Maria Skibniewska in the revised edition of Łoziński's translation.
(13) Tadeusz A. Olszański. "The Polish Story of The Lord of the Rings: Three Translations, Many Editions." Aiglos. Tolkienistic Almanac. Special Issue (Summer 2005). Katowice: Śląski Klub Fantastyki, 2005.
(14) Arkadiusz Kubała. Przewodnik po nazwach miejscowych Śródziemia. Wydawnictwo AMBER Sp. z o.o.: Warszawa, 2003.
(15) Arkadiusz Kubała. Przewodnik...
PRIMARY SOURCES
- Tolkien, J.R.R. The Lord of the Rings. 1994 Revised Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company: 1994.
- Tolkien, J.R.R. Władca Pierścieni, przeł. Jerzy Łoziński. Zysk i S-ka: Poznań, 1996.
- Tolkien, J.R.R. Władca Pierścieni, przeł. Maria Skibniewska. Muza: Warszawa, 1996. Wiersze w przekładzie Włodzimierza Lewika, Tadeusza A. Olszańskiego i Andrzeja Nowickiego. Dodatek D i E w przekładzie Ryszarda Derdzińskiego.
SECONDARY SOURCES
- Gumkowski, Marek. "Trudny wybór: elfy, elfowie, a może Elfy? Problemy pisowni nazw ras myślących w przekładach J.R.R. Tolkiena." Aiglos. Almanach Tolkienowski nr 3 (Zima 2004/2005). Katowice: Śląski Klub Fantastyki, 2005.
- Kubała, Arkadiusz. Przewodnik po nazwach miejscowych Śródziemia. Wydawnictwo AMBER Sp. z o.o.: Warszawa, 2003.
- Olszański, Tadeusz A. "Beowulf czyli wilk na pszczoły." Aiglos. Almanach Tolkienowski nr 1 (Zima 2003/2004). Katowice: Śląski Klub Fantastyki, 2004.
- Olszański, Tadeusz A. "The Polish Story of The Lord of the Rings: Three Translations, Many Editions." Aiglos. Tolkienistic Almanac. Special Issue (Summer 2005). Katowice: Śląski Klub Fantastyki, 2005.
- Szyjewski, Andrzej. "Mitologia dla Anglii jako (re)konstrukcja filologiczna." Z Valinoru do Mordoru. Świat mitu a religia w dziele Tolkiena. Wydawnictwo M: Kraków, 2004.
- Ziółkowski, Adam. "J.R.R. Tolkien albo baśń zrehabilitowana": Aiglos. Almanach Tolkienowski nr 1 (Zima 2003/2004). Katowice: Śląski Klub Fantastyki, 2004.